Qualidade físico-química e sensorial da carne de frangos alimentados com mandioca (Manihot esculenta) / Chemical and sensorial quality of the meat of broiler fed with cassava meal (Manihot esculenta)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características químicas e sensoriais da carne de frango alimentados com raspa integral da mandioca (Manihot esculenta) em substituição parcial ao milho. Foram utilizadas 100 aves da linhagem pescoço pelado, alojadas em boxes, criadas de 1 a 90 dias, sendo utilizado cinco tratamentos representados pela raspa de mandioca (0, 10, 20, 30, 40%) em substituição ao milho nas rações experimentais. 10%, das aves foram abatidas para avaliação físico-química e sensorial, os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. Não houve efeito significativo (p>0,05) para as variáveis analisadas. Portanto a substituição parcial do milho pela raspa de mandioca em até 40% não alterou as características química e sensoriais da carne de frangos.

Efeitos de fontes e formas de processamento do amido na utilização de nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais de vacas em lactação / Effects of starch sources and processing on nutrient digestibility and ruminal parameters of lactating cows

Cinco vacas holandesas pluríparas, com cânulas no rúmen e no duodeno, foram distribuídas em delineamento de quadrado latino 5 x 5. As vacas foram submetidas a cinco rações experimentais contendo 40 por cento de cana-de-açúcar, 60 por cento de concentrado e cerca de 30 por cento de amido. As rações diferiram quanto ao processamento ou à fonte principal do amido utilizado: milho grosseiramente moído, milho finamente moído, milho floculado a 310g/l, milho floculado a 360g/l ou raspa de mandioca. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no consumo de matéria seca entre os tratamentos. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido foi maior na ração que continha raspa de mandioca. As digestibilidades ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Os dados médios de pH ruminal se mantiveram acima de 6,0, exceto às 2 e às 4h após a alimentação com a dieta que continha raspa de mandioca. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre a concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis totais. O processo de floculação promoveu aumento da digestibilidade do amido do milho, em relação à moagem de forma grosseira. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido presente na raspa de mandioca foi maior do que a do milho, independentemente da forma de processamento utilizada.

Five multiparous lactating Holsteins cows, cannulated in the rumen and proximal duodenum, were used in a 5 x 5 latin square. Cows were fed a 40:60 forage: concentrate diet (40 percent fresh sugar cane and 60 percent concentrate). Diets were formulated to have 30 percent of starch and treatments were starch sources and ration processing forms: cracked corn, finely ground corn, flaked corn at 310g/l, flaked corn at 360g/l, or cassava scrapings. No difference (P>0.05) was observed among treatments for dry matter intake. Starch ruminal digestibility was higher for cassava scrapings treatment. NDF and ADF digestibility were similar among treatments. Average values of ruminal pH were above 6, except at 2 and 4h after feeding the cassava diet. There was no effect of treatment on concentrations of total volatile fatty acids. The flocculation process increased corn starch digestibility. Ruminal degradability of the cassava scrapings starch was higher than corn, without effect of processing form.

The role of changing diet and altitude on goitre prevalence in five regional states in Ethiopia

Objective: Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) as one of the leading nutritional problems has been increasing through time due to iodine deficiency; aggravating factors and IDD knowledge in many parts of Ethiopia. The effect of changing diet and altitude on goitre prevalence is assessed. Methodology: Randomly selected five regional states (Amhara; Oromiya; Tigray; SNNP and Benshangul-Gumuz) were used to conduct cross-sectional study on IDD. In each region cluster sampling method was applied to select study subjects. Low land and adjacent high land were independently sampled to investigate the role of altitude on goiter prevalence. Totally 6960 children and the same number of biological mothers of the children were included in the clinical examination for goiter and household interview. Urine samples were collected from children for urinary iodine examination/analysis (UIE). Besides; in all clusters qualitative data were collected on IDD knowledge and cassava introduction; cultivation and consumption. Results: Cassava consumption and living in high altitude were found to be risk factors for IDD. In the two regions (SNNP and Benshangul-Gumuz) among three where cassava is cultivated; those who consume cassava frequently were significantly (p0.001) affected by goitre than those consuming rarely or not. In the last thirty years cassava consumption has been increasing with the concomitant increase in goitre rate and other associated health problems. Acute cyanide intoxication in children from cassava meal was reported. In Amhara region; goitre rate was significantly (p0.05) higher in high altitudes than in low both for children and mothers. This was due to significantly (p0.01) low level of iodine intake in high lands than in low as indicated by UIE. Due to stigma; parents do not send goitrous children to schools and goitrous girls are not wanted for marriage. Conclusion: Besides low level of iodine intake; cassava consumption and living in high altitude were responsible for the observed variation and severity in goitre rates. IDD affects several dimensions of human life including school enrolment and marriage. Addressing IDD in-terms of salt iodization and training communities on cassava processing techniques to remove cyanide; awareness creation on IDD and soil conservation are highly recommended

Monitoreo de DDI en la provincia de Formosa (2003) / Monitoring of DDI in the province of Formosa (2003)

Un total de 691 alumnos de escolaridad primaria, de ambos sexos, fue estudiado en este monitoreo de bocio endémico en dos localidades de la provincia de Formosa: ciudad de Formosa (299 niños) y Clorinda (392 niños). La edad de los escolares osciló entre 5 y 16 años. La palpación tiroidea fue hecha por el conjunto de los médicos participantes. Sin embargo, con la finalidad de aunar criterios con lo realizado previamente (1-15), se tomó como única referencia la palpación de H.N., que se llevó a cabo en la totalidad de los niños estudiados. La definición del grado de bocio fue similar a la utilizada en los otros relevamientos (1). Se determinó la yoduria en muestras casuales de orina emitidas por los niños una vez que fueron palpados (152 de la ciudad de Formosa y 154 de Clorinda). Se recogieron 139 muestras de sal de consumo hogareño de Formosa y 371 de Clorinda. El examen palpatorio de los niños reveló la existencia de bocio grado 1, con excepción de un niño de Clorinda que tuvo un nódulo único en una glándula cuyo resto era palpatoriamente normal. La prevalencia de bocio encontrada fue de 17,7 % en la ciudad de Formosa y de 13 % en Clorinda. Los niveles de yoduria alcanzaron, en la ciudad de Formosa, una media de 128±13,2 (DS) µg/L y una mediana de 92 µg/L, al tiempo que en Clorinda la media fue de 193±14,7 µg/L y la mediana de 155 µg/L. El contenido de yodo de las sales que aportaron los alumnos, si bien varió según la marca de sal utilizada, tuvieron un nivel adecuado de yodo en aquellas de consumo masivo. De esta manera, observamos que en la ciudad de Formosa el promedio de yodo en la sal, tomada en conjunto, fue de 25,2±9,1mg/Kg, mientras que para Clorinda fue de 27,89±10,1mg/Kg. Al analizar las concentraciones de yodo <15mg/Kg, observamos que fue del 15,6 % en Formosa y del 10,9 % en Clorinda. Teniendo en cuenta la línea de corte del 10 % que fija el ICCIDD (16) como valor óptimo, podemos observar que la cifra obtenida en Formosa está algo por encima de dicho corte, mientras que la situación de Clorinda sería casi apropiada. De cualquier forma, la ligera deficiencia de yodo vista en la ciudad de Formosa no alcanza para justificar una prevalencia de bocio del 17,7 %, mientras que las yodurias y la ingesta de sal yodada en Clorinda son óptimas. Concluimos que en la provincia de Formosa existe una marcada prevalencia de bocio que no puede ser atribuida a deficiencia de yodo. Por el contrario, esta endemia tiene todas las características de las debidas a la ingesta de bociógenos ambientales. Dado el alto consumo de mandioca en la provincia, y de que la misma es portadora de linamarina, un glucósido cianogénico que produce tiocianato, es que estamos persuadidos que la causa del bocio endémico en las localidades estudiadas se debe a la ingestión de bociógenos provenientes de la mandioca.

Cyanide poisoning, 2 cases report and treatment review.

Two patients, a 4-year-old girl and her brother 1 1/2 year-old, with cyanide poisoning are reported. They vomited and became comatose 9 hours after ingestion of boiled cassava. At a community hospital, they were intubated and given ventilatory support. The girl was transferred to Ramathibodi Intensive Care Unit. At 19 hours after ingestion, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate were given as well as other supportive treatment. She recovered with normal breathing on the next day. The boy was referred to Ramathibodi 4 hours later. On arrival, he appeared normal except for the bitter almond breathe. Only supportive treatment was given. Their blood cyanide levels on arrival were 0.56 and 0.32 microgram/ml (normal value < 0.3 microgram/ml) respectively confirming the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning. Other abnormal laboratory findings included metabolic acidosis and lactic acidemia. The pathogenesis and management of cyanide poisoning are reviewed.

Cariogenic [correction of Carcinogenic] potential of a typical cassava flour from the Amazonian region of Brazil.

The purpose of this study was to compare the cariogenic potential of a typical cassava flour (CF) with sucrose and starch, using a severe cariogenic challenge model in rats. Thirty Wistar female pups with their dams (mutans streptococci free) were infected by Streptococcus sobrinus 6715, desalivated when aged 25 days, and placed in a Konig-Hofer programmed feeder at age 26 days. They received 17 meals daily at hourly intervals for 21 days as follows: group (1) powdered plain sucrose and sterile distilled water ad libitum (sdwal); (2) Lf and Sdwal (3) powdered starch and sdwal. Essential nutrition was administered by gavage. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. The percentage of S. Sobrinus related to the total flora and the number of this microorganism were higher in the sucrose and CF groups than starch group. Smooth-surface and [sulcal] caries scores for the groups were: (1) 105.5 [48.0]; (2) 34.1 [39.2]; (3) 10.2 [18.1]. All the groups were statistically significantly different from each other (p < 0.01), although the result for sulcal score for CF was very close to the sucrose group. It is concluded that cassava flour, the main source of carbohydrate for the Amazonian population of Brazil, has moderate cariogenic potential.

Epidemiological evidence from Zaire for a dietary etiology of konzo, an upper motor neuron disease

A clear association between seasonal outbreaks of a paralytic disease called konzo and toxic effects from consumption of insufficiently processed bitter cassava roots has been demonstrated in Bandundu region, Zaire. A community-based survey of 6764 inhabitants identified 110 live and 24 dead konzo-affected persons with a history of isolated non-progressive spastic paraparesis of abrupt onset. The start of these annual outbreaks of konzo in 1974 coincided with the completion of a new tarmac road to the capital, which facilitated the transport of cassava and made it the main cash crop. The extensive cassava sales encouraged the consumption by the peasant families of roots that had not been adequately processed; frequent acute cyanide intoxications resulted when the naturally occurring cyanogens in the roots were eaten. The disease mainly appeared in the dry season when there was high consumption of insufficiently processed cassava and the diet lacked supplementary foods with sulfur-containing amino acids which promote cyanide detoxification. These results, which confirm the earlier findings in East Africa, show that, owing to the high cyanide and low sulfur dietary intake, there is an increased risk of konzo outbreaks in cassava-growing areas during periods of adverse agro-economic changes